Under the framework of the TRIPS Agreement，the localization of the drug test data protection system urgently needs to re - examine the function and system positioning of the system. The article takes the innovative drug icotinib as an empirical sample and combines jurisprudential analysis to argue the intellectual property attributes of drug test data and the institutional logic underlying its protection. The article shows that compound patents have inherent deficiencies such as lack of stability and loss of market exclusivity period. Coupled with the absence of a data protection system，these deficiencies seriously weaken the expected returns on innovation. The data protection system should not just serve as an accessory tool of patent law but needs to break through the“patent supplement”perspective and embed public interest constraints within the distribution of rights. The government should build data protection regulations that take into account institutional independence and systemic coordination，aiming to balance the dual goals of innovation incentives and national health security.