The seminal work The Condition of the Working Class in England by Friedrich Engels stands as a Marxist classic of social investigation，while serving as a significant public health philosophy. The public health framework in the book comprises three key dimensions: urban sanitation systems，working -class health concerns，and mental wellness initiatives. Five fundamental factors shaped this theoretical framework. In China’ s modernization process，we must prioritize urban governance in public health issues，uphold a people-centered approach，maintain the basic economic system of public ownership playing a leading role and all forms of ownership growing side by side. It is also essential to reform urban housing systems，emphasize the ecological civilization development，strengthen urban public health infrastructure，prioritize prevention，and cultivate public health awareness.