This study employs the three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, the Malmquist index, the rank-sum ratio method and the Tobit model to conduct a static and dynamic analysis of the allocation efficiency of healthcare resources in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2023. This study further sorts its efficiency and analyzes the influencing factors. The results show that the overall efficiency of healthcare resource allocation in Anhui Province needs improvement, with an average annual decline of 0.5%. Technological progress is the key constraint on efficiency growth. There is a regional disparity in the allocation of healthcare resources. The years of education and the proportion of people over 65 years old have an impact on the efficiency of healthcare resource allocation. The study suggests that each region should choose the appropriate healthcare resource allocation path based on local circumstances, increase technological innovation and talent development, and strengthen provincial and inter-regional cooperation, thereby improving the efficiency of healthcare resource allocation.