This study conducted an online survey using a structured questionnaire to collect relevant information such as antimicrobial use from 1 376 residents in Anhui Province. Based on the ecological models of health behavior, the study also explored the factors influencing residents' improper use of antimicrobials. The results showed that 548 respondents had taken antimicrobials within the past three months. Among them, 56.39% exhibited three or more types of improper medication behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that living in urban areas, poor literacy regarding antimicrobial use, low perceived benefits, low perceived barriers, and limited understanding of drug policies were risk factors for improper drug use among residents. In contrast, being less influenced by interpersonal networks was a protective factor. The study revealed that improper use of antimicrobials is relatively common among residents in Anhui Province. Accordingly, multi-level health education strategies centered on residents' health ecological environment should be developed to promote rational drug use behaviors comprehensively.