In modern medical contexts, the conventional binary conceptualization of healthcare professionals and patients under Article 335 of the Criminal Law (Medical Malpractice) faces significant interpretive challenges. From an intertextual perspective between modern medicine and criminal law, emerging scenarios such as clinical drug trials, precision medicine, and medical aesthetics have blurred the identities of duty and alienated objects of conduct, resulting in imbalances in culpability and punishment and insufficient protection of legal interests. In response, adopting a holistic functionalist approach to criminal law interpretation moves beyond traditional identity labels and limitations on therapeutic intent. Under this approach, it redefines healthcare professionals as individuals with professional qualifications who perform substantive medical interventions, and patients as individuals who undergo diagnosis and bear the risks of medical intervention. By examining typical scenarios like clinical trials, medical aesthetics, and preventive interventions, this reconstruction effectively clarifies the boundaries between medical malpractice, illegal medical practice, and ordinary negligence, balancing the promotion of medical innovation with the protection of life as a legal interest.