Objectives: This paper aims to explore the differences of personality of single-parent freshmen with different family income. Method: A cluster sampling method was conducted in 12448 freshmen in recent four years, they were assessed with Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Results: Compared with the freshmen from ordinary families, the single-parent freshmen have lower scores in the factors of Rule-Consciousness, Privateness, Openness to Change and the comprehensive personality in the aspects of emotionalism and rationalism, professional achievement motivation and adaptability to new environment. Significant differences are indicated among the single-parent freshmen with different family income in the aspects of Rule-Consciousness, Vigilance, Apprehension, Tension, adaptation and anxiety, professional achievement motivation and adaptability to new environment. The single-parent freshmen from rich families show significant lower scores in the factors of Rule-Consciousness, professional achievement motivation and adaptability to new environment, but higher than other two groups in the aspects of Vigilance, Apprehension, Tension, adaptation and anxiety. The variance analysis of the factors of single family and income over the total scores of all the factor of the freshmen’ personality suggests that significant interaction relies only in the three aspects of Apprehension, adaptation and anxiety, adaptability to new environment. Conclusion: Single-parent freshmen demonstrate defficacy in social personalities. Compared with the students from the poor and ordinary families, the single-parent freshmen from rich families show low performance in the aspects of Rule-Consciousness, adaptation, professional achievement motivation, adaptability to new environment but high in Apprehension.