Objective: To explore the quality of life and health related factors of rural residents in Anhui Province. Methods: Rural residents were surveyed by a self-designed questionnaire containing the European Five-Dimensional Health Rating Scale (EQ-5D-5L).The distribution of the sample population in five dimensions and EQ-VAS ,The relationship between the characteristics of different population and the distribution of five dimensions, EQ-VAS score was explored by differential test and correlation analysis.Results: The overall evaluation of the quality of life of rural residents in Anhui Province was better. The average score of EQ-VAS was 83.80 ± 15.36. Nearly half (49.7%) of the respondents reported that there was no problem in the five dimensions, and the proportion of pain / discomfort up to 42.05%, followed by anxiety / depression 21.17%. Age, physical activity and chronic disease s were the main influencing factors affecting the quality of life of rural residents. Pain / discomfort and anxiety / depression were the main reasons for the impact of residents' EQ-VAS self-assessed health score. Conclusion: More attention should be paid on the health problems of rural residents such as pain / discomfort and anxiety / depression in female and old population and people with chronic diseases.