To investigate the status and influence factors of knowledge, attitude and practice related to antibiotics use among rural residents in Anhui, and provide targeted guidance for rational use of antibiotics. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2047 rural residents selected with a stratified cluster randomized sampling method. The descriptive analysis, chi-square test, analysis of variance and logistic regression model were adopted for statistical analysis. Results The overall awareness accuracy rate of knowledge, attitude and practice were 20.56%, 22.97% and 78.67% respectively. And knowledge was negatively related with antibiotic use. Conclusion The rural residents had low knowledge and attitude about antibiotic use and there were existed an inconsistence between knowledge, attitude and practice.