Abstract: Objective: To investigate the relationship between the screening demand of upper gastrointestinal cancer (including gastric cancer and esophagus cancer) and the related psychological cognitive factors in Hefei residents. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on 40 to 70 years old residents in Hefei using cluster random sampling method. Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to analyze the relationship between residents' psychological cognition factor and screening demand. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted on the screening requirements and the screening belief model. Results: A total of 1186 valid questionnaires were obtained, the willingness screening rate was 54.9%, and the actual screening rate was 13.9%. Age was negatively related to the demand for screening, while education and income were positively related to the demand for screening. After controlling for age, education, and income, the relationship between the five health belief indexes (perceived seriousness, perceived risk, perceived benefits, perceived difficulties and self-efficacy) and the screening needs was statistically significant, and the cumulative contribution rate of the five weighted health belief indexes to the screening demand reached 74%. Conclusions: The related psychological cognitive factors of screening have important influence on the demand for screening, and can provide an effective theoretical basis for promoting the screening of upper gastrointestinal cancer.