Objective To learn about the current situation of medical service for poverty rural residents and analyze the influencing factors，and provide the reference for carrying out health poverty alleviation work. Methods The authors make questionnaire about the current situation of medical service with multistage random sampling and analyze the influencing factors with logistic regression．Results The two-week morbidity rate is 21.9% .The two-week treatment rate is 11.0%. The hospitalization rate is 17.8%. Financial difficulties are the main reason for the low utilization of health service in poverty rural residents. The influencing factors on their health service are ages，new rural cooperative medical system ，annual per capita income, numbers of family outgoing population ,liabilities due to illness, and numbers of chronic diseases． Conclusion To improve the current situation of medical service for poverty rural residents in Jiangsu Province, the government should implement the health input policy,raise the level of medical security for poverty rural residents,implement the health policies benefiting the people,and improve the service capability of primary medical institution.