Objective Understand the current situation of residents" choice of medical treatment in Pukou District, Nanjing, and analyze the relevant factors that influence the choice of medical treatment. Methods The 11 community health service centers in Pukou District were selected as survey sites, and 2,301 people were included in the survey by census and isometric sampling. The questionnaire survey collected demographic characteristics, medical choices, and medical-related behaviors; multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors related to medical treatment choices among residents in Pukou District..Results Among the respondents, 1883 (81.9%) indicated that they could accept the primary consultation at the grassroots level with family doctors, and 1525 (66.3%) chose to go to the primary health care institutions first. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the time, age grouping, chronic disease, and contracted family doctors of the medical institutions were the relevant factors for the residents to accept the primary consultation of the family doctors at the grassroots level; the relevant factors affecting the residents" medical treatment choices include recent Time required for medical institutions, age grouping, education level, monthly income per family, and contracted family doctors. Conclusion The composition of the first consultation of residents in Pukou District to choose primary medical institutions is relatively higher than the current level. Signing a family doctor can help promote the choice and acceptance of the community"s first consultation at the grassroots level. The need for the first-time primary care of the elderly and chronically ill patients aged 60 and over suggests that the promotion of contracted family doctors should focus on these two groups of people.