Objective In order in improve the clinical thinking and clinical practice ability of medical students and promote the reform and development of medical education, we discussed the effect of medical simulation teaching method by taking surgery practice teaching as an example. Methods The junior students of clinical medicine of Nanjing Medical University from 2018 the 2020 were selected, and the simulation teaching method was applied in surgery practice teaching. The effect of simulation teaching was evaluated through the investigate the basic situation of students, the construction of teaching staff, the design of clinical cases and scenarios, the implementation of simulation teaching, the self-evaluation of students, the summary of teachers and questionnaire survey, the effect of simulation teaching was evaluated. Results Medical simulation teaching set up a bridge between school education and clinical practice, mobilized the enthusiasm of students, improved the mastery of basic surgical operation technology of undergraduate medical students, and improved the communication ability between doctors and patients and the awareness of humanistic care. Conclusion Simulation teaching is helpful to improve the decision-making ability of surgical clinical practice of undergraduate medical students. The teaching effect is ideal, and the students’ high evaluation is obtained, which has good application value.