Precision medicine is recognized by the international community as a new medical model that can bring medical innovation, but there are still many obstacles in the actual implementation and implementation process. Considering that precision medicine is participated by multiple subjects, this article based on the complex adaptive system theory, analyzes the participants of precision medicine and the mechanisms of tag, building blocks and internal model, and then constructs the operation mechanism of precision medicine. Meanwhile, it puts forward relevant suggestions to promote the development of precision medical service in China.