Objective: To analyze the operation efficiency of public hospitals in a province under the situation of new medical reform. Methods: Tables 1-1 of health statistical report from 2015 to 2019 in a province were collected. The CCR-BCC model of data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to calculate the technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of public hospitals with different attributes from six aspects of year, region, hospital level, institution type, affiliation and hospital scale. The differences were compared by Kruskal Walis H test. Results From 2015 to 2019, the comprehensive efficiency of public hospitals in a province increased from 0.571 to 0.607, the pure technical efficiency decreased from 0.659 to 0.655, and the scale efficiency increased from 0.866 to 0.893. In 2019, the comprehensive efficiency of medium-sized areas (0.64), tertiary hospitals (0.71), traditional Chinese medicine hospitals (0.72), county hospitals (0.635) and large-scale hospitals (0.75) in a province will be higher. Kruskal walis h test results showed that there were significant differences in the comprehensive efficiency of public hospitals among different years, grades, types of institutions and scales. Conclusion: Under the public hospital reform policy, the improvement of the operation efficiency of public hospitals in a province is not obvious. We should promote the upgrading of hospitals. While improving the scale of hospitals, we should improve the technical level of hospitals, improve the management ability of hospitals, strengthen the connotation construction of public hospitals, and promote their high-quality development.