Based on the BCC model of data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist index method, the operational efficiency and changes of 12 provincial hospitals in Anhui Province from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed to provide a decision basis for promoting the high-quality development of provincial hospitals in Anhui Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. The results show that the overall efficiency values of provincial hospitals in 2019 range from 0.686 to 1.000, with an average overall efficiency value of 0.906, of which the average technical efficiency value is 0.959 and the average scale efficiency value is 0.945. 6 hospitals are DEA effective, and all non-DEA effective hospitals have input redundancy. The average value is 0.981, among which the pure technical efficiency change index rises 0.5%, the scale efficiency change index decreases 1.2%, the technical change index turns from decreasing to increasing after 2017.The overall operation of Anhui provincial hospitals is relatively stable from 2015 to 2019, the pure technical efficiency increases significantly, the technical level is improved, the low scale efficiency restricts the development of hospitals, and there are differences in the operation efficiency of each hospital There are differences in the operational efficiency of each hospital. It is suggested that provincial hospitals should change their development mode, allocate medical resources rationally, focus on improving the level of hospital refinement management, and improve the efficiency of resource utilization during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, so as to achieve the improvement of hospital operation efficiency.