To investigate the basic public health service capabilities of village doctors in the eastern, central, and western regions of China, analyze their capabilities and major shortcomings, and explore strategies to improve their basic public health service capabilities, providing decision-making references. A combined method of multi-stage sampling and typical sampling was used to select a total of 3916 village doctors in four provinces and one city in the eastern, central, and western regions as survey objects. An online questionnaire survey was conducted using self-evaluation to assess their basic public health service capabilities, including health promotion, health management, vaccination, and the ability to report and respond to infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The differences in the basic public health service capabilities and distribution characteristics of village doctors in different regions were analyzed using the Pearson χ2 test.Of the 3916 village doctors included in the analysis, 2367 (60.4%) were aged 45-60, 2813 (71.8%) had a high school diploma or below, and 1512 (38.6%) were practicing (assistant) physicians. 3056 (78.0%) reported having health promotion capability, 2398 (61.2%) reported having health management capability, 3471 (88.6%) reported having vaccination capability, and 3453 (88.2%) reported having the ability to report and respond to infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The self-reported basic public health service capabilities of village doctors in the western region were lower than those in other regions. There were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the comprehensive basic public health service capabilities of village doctors in the eastern, central, and western regions.The quality of village doctors is relatively low, and the age and gender structure is not reasonable. The basic public health service capabilities of surveyed village doctors are generally good, but health management capabilities need to be strengthened. The capabilities of village doctors in the western region need to be improved, and the training of general practitioners needs to be strengthened urgently.