In order to explore the improvement path of the public's awareness of the obligations related to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and promote the improvement of the public's participation in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, this paper compiled a questionnaire based on the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and conducted a random sampling survey of residents in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the overall cognitive status of the respondents was good, and age, cognitive level, income level and occupation were the main factors affecting the cognitive level. Modern media is an important platform for the promotion of the rule of law in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, but the publicity effect needs to be improved. It is necessary to strengthen the publicity of the concept of public health and promote the formation of civic consciousness of "being responsible for the people's health"; Stimulate the awareness of active learning, and mobilize the public's enthusiasm for participating in the rule of law education on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; Pay attention to vulnerable groups and strengthen publicity on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in the community.