In order to understand the coupling relationship between the health level of residents and the economic development level as well as the characteristics of the spatial pattern of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and to promote the coordinated development between the two systems. The article analyzes the coupling relationship and spatial structure characteristics of the health level of residents and the economic development level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2017 to 2021 by means of the coupling coordination degree model and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results show that from 2017 to 2021, the comprehensive index of the health level and economic development level of the residents in the Yangtze River Economic Zone showed a rising trend, and the difference between the development levels of the two systems gradually narrowed, but the economic development level still lagged behind the health level; the mean value of the coupling degree of coordination between the two systems increased from 0.556 to 0.647, and the degree of coupling degree of coordination showed a spatial pattern distribution of "high in the downstream, low in the middle and upper reaches". The average value of the coupling coordination degree of the two systems increased from 0.556 to 0.647, and the coupling coordination degree shows a spatial pattern of "high downstream and low middle and upper reaches", with inter-regional imbalance; the global Moran index is greater than 0, indicating the existence of convergent aggregation, and the results of the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the local area are concentrated in the high and high aggregation areas and low and low aggregation areas. Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to give full play to the geographic advantages of the Yangtze River Economic Belt to shorten the degree of lag in the level of economic development; to establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the input of medical and health care resources to improve the degree of coupling and coordination of the two systems in the Yangtze River Economic Belt; to insist on the government's overall coordination and increase the efforts of high-high agglomeration zones in helping low-low agglomeration zones, so as to improve the status quo of the imbalance in inter-regional development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.