The article comprehensively used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. After initially formulating the set of evaluation indicators through literature research, two rounds of expert consultation were conducted using the Delphi method, and the weights of the indicators were calculated using the hierarchical analysis method, aiming to construct the evaluation index system of the capacity of major infectious disease treatment in Tertiary Public hospitals in Anhui Province. The results showed that the positive coefficients of the experts in the two rounds of consultation were 100% and 90%, the coefficients of expert authority were 0.825 and 0.831, and the coefficients of Kendall's Harmony were 0.123 and 0.124, respectively (P<0.001), indicating that the credibility of the expert consultation was high. The final constructed evaluation index system of major infectious disease treatment capacity of Tertiary Public Hospitals included 6 first-level indicators, 15 second-level indicators, and 50 third-level indicators, which was of good scientificity and reliability. Under the perspective of high-quality development of public hospitals, the index system can provide a theoretical basis for the assessment, evaluation and quality improvement of the capacity of Tertiary Public hospitals to treat major infectious diseases.