This study aims to define the conceptual connotation of “new-onset disability” in older adults and clarify its core attributes and structural components. A systematic review of relevant literature from both domestic and international databases was conducted, with the retrieval period spanning from database inception to May 2025. Using Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis method, the study identified the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the concept, and constructed a conceptual framework. A total of 34 articles were included. The analysis revealed five defining attributes: （1）acute health events as triggers, （2）first-time occurrence of functional loss, （3）significant functional impairment, （4）potential for recovery with uncertain trajectory, and （5）increased psychological distress and need for social support. Antecedents were categorized into individual, family, community, and societal-level factors. Consequences were evaluated through multidimensional indicators, including physical and cognitive function, psychological state, sense of meaning in life, and quality of life. This study further clarified the conceptual boundaries between new-onset disability, hospital-associated disability, and chronic disability, emphasizing the importance of early identification and personalized intervention. The findings offer a theoretical basis for geriatric health management and future research.