To investigate the impact of professional commitment on academic burnout among medical graduate students, and to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience and the moderating effect of social support, this study surveyed 283 medical graduate students using the University Student Professional Commitment Questionnaire, the Learning Burnout Scale, the Psychological Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). The results showed that professional commitment was significantly negatively correlated with academic burnout. Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between professional commitment and academic burnout. Additionally, the level of social support significantly moderated the first half of the mediating pathway between professional commitment and academic burnout. Specifically, when individuals had higher levels of social support, professional commitment significantly predicted psychological resilience. However, as social support levels decreased, this effect became non-significant. Therefore, psychological resilience and social support play a mediating and moderating role in the impact of professional commitment on academic burnout among medical graduate students.