As an essential component of China’s public health system, infectious disease hospitals bear the dual responsibilities of medical treatment and disease prevention and control. Currently, there exists a phenomenon of “emphasizing treatment over prevention,” and the integration of treatment and prevention has not achieved the expected outcomes. Based on symbiosis theory, this paper analyzes the challenges faced by infectious disease hospitals in implementing the integration of treatment and prevention, explores the methods and pathways for practicing such integration, and proposes strategies including establishing an incentive-compatible policy environment, improving an incentive-compatible compensation framework, constructing an incentive-compatible assessment symbiosis model, optimizing the allocation of human resources, and fostering a mutually beneficial and symbiotic collaboration model. These measures aim to achieve multi-dimensional and multi-faceted integration of “treatment” and “prevention.”