This study aimed to explore the relationship between stressors, perceived social support, academic burnout, and anxiety symptoms among medical postgraduates, and to provide evidence for reducing anxiety symptoms. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 863 medical postgraduates using the Postgraduate Daily Stressors Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Postgraduate Academic Burnout Scale, and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. The findings indicate that stressors not only directly affect anxiety symptoms, but also indirectly affect anxiety symptoms through the simple mediating roles of perceived social support and academic burnout as well as the chain mediating role of the two. Effectively managing stressors, improving perceived social support, and preventing academic burnout may help reduce anxiety symptoms among medical postgraduates.