To analyze the appropriateness of human resource allocation and the changes in prevention and control effectiveness in the field of chronic diseases in Zhejiang Province, and to explore the impact of human resource allocation on the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control, this study conducted a quantitative evaluation and analysis of all aspects related to chronic disease prevention and control and human resource allocation in Zhejiang Province from 2000 to 2023. Spearman correlation analysis, univariate analysis, and stepwise regression analysis were employed to examine the influence of human resource allocation on the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control. The results showed that from 2000 to 2023, both the appropriateness of human resource allocation and the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control in Zhejiang Province exhibited a fluctuating upward trend. The appropriateness of personnel scale, the degree of effective incentive, and the level of personnel competency were all positively correlated with the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control. The degree of effective personnel motivation was the main driving force for the prevention and control effects in the chronic disease field, and the degree of competence also showed a positive trend.