In modern medical contexts, the dichotomous conceptualization of medical personnel and patient under Article 335 of the Criminal Law (Medical Malpractice) faces significant interpretive challenges. From the perspective of the interplay between modern medicine and criminal law norms, scenarios such as clinical drug trials, precision medicine, and medical aesthetics lead to ambiguous subjects of duty and alienated objects of conduct, resulting in an imbalance in culpability and punishment and insufficient protection of legal interests. In response, adopting a holistic functionalist approach to criminal law interpretation moves beyond traditional identity labels and therapeutic intent limitations. It redefines medical personnel as subjects with professional qualifications performing substantive medical interventions, and patients as individuals undergoing diagnosis and bearing the risks of medical intervention. Examining typical scenarios like clinical trials, medical aesthetics, and preventive interventions, this reconstruction effectively delineates the boundaries between medical malpractice, unlicensed practice, and ordinary negligence, balancing the promotion of medical innovation with the protection of life as a legal interest.