With the rapid development of internet hospitals, artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis, and telemedicine, physician–patient trust has encountered new structural challenges in digital healthcare settings. Drawing on Relational Contract Theory and Emotional Bond Theory, this study develops a dual-path framework of “relational contract–emotional bond” for rebuilding physician–patient trust in digital healthcare, with institutional trust and interpersonal trust serving as its two core dimensions. The relational contract path emphasizes strengthening the institutional foundation of trust through data governance, algorithmic transparency, and platform rule optimization. In contrast, the emotional bond path focuses on enhancing interpersonal trust by promoting empathic communication, continuous interaction, and relationship maintenance in digitally mediated healthcare. Furthermore, the study identifies four major mechanisms underlying trust erosion in digital healthcare: the weakening of emotional connections caused by technological mediation, intensified power imbalance resulting from information asymmetry, diminished trust anchors due to algorithmic opacity, and inhibited trust formation arising from concerns over data security and privacy. In response, a systematic trust reconstruction framework is proposed from four complementary dimensions—institutional, interpersonal, technological, and cultural—to facilitate the transformation of physician–patient trust from institutional assurance to collaborative relationships in digital healthcare. Ultimately, the framework aims to advance the digital realization of a physician–patient community with a shared future. By extending the application of Relational Contract Theory to the field of digital healthcare, this study enriches the theoretical understanding of physician–patient trust and provides practical implications for trust governance in the era of digital medicine.