Shao Xiangyi (1909–1990) was one of the founders of modern public health in China and also a long-overlooked medical social thinker. Based on his original writings published during the Republic of China era in journals such as Medical Affairs Public Discussion and Social Medicine Newspaper, this study reconstructs the internal logic of his public health philosophy. The research reveals that Shao Xiangyi employed the three guiding principles of "scientification, revolutionization, and popularization" as a comprehensive framework, integrating German public health experiences, his social critique of "civilized diseases," and wartime health mobilization into what he termed "social pathology." The "scientification" principle manifested in his critical introduction of Germany''s racial hygiene policies and his sustained criticism of "pseudo-scientific practices"; the "revolutionization" principle reflected his combative engagement with the bodily costs of modernity, gender discipline, and entrenched academic ailments; while the "popularization" principle was embodied in initiatives such as "going to the grassroots," the democratization of public hospitals, and nationwide mobilization during extraordinary times. At its core, his thought represents a social diagnostic approach rooted in medicine, which should secure an independent position in the history of modern intellectual thought.