As an important part of maternal and child health services, maternal and infant health care are related to the quality of the population and the health stock of the country. The women and infant health care work in China is in a period of strategic opportunity. Although some achievements have been made in the aspects of organization construction and service resources, the existing legal system of maternal and infant health care and the protection system are not perfect. Through detailed interpretation of China's and Japan's "maternal and infant health care law" and other relevant laws and regulations in the legal framework, legal category, the implementation mechanism, supervision and management, security measures, and legal responsibilities and other aspects, based on the comparative study of the legislative background, legal texts and the implementation effect of the two countries, we put forward legislative proposals to improve the system of maternal and infant health care in our country, thus promoting the deepening development of maternal and infant health cause in the new period.