Objective: To investigate the status and influence factors of knowledge, attitude and practice related to antibiotic use among rural residents in Anhui, and provide targeted guidance for rational use of antibiotics. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2 047 rural residents selected with a stratified cluster randomized sampling method. The descriptive analysis, chi-square test, analysis of variance and logistic regression model were adopted for statistical analysis. Results: The overall awareness accuracy rates of knowledge, attitude and practice were 20.56%, 22.97% and 78.67%, respectively. Knowledge was negatively related with antibiotic use. Conclusion: The rural residents had low knowledge and attitude about antibiotic use, and there existed an inconsistence between knowledge, attitude and practice.