The problem of atmospheric pollution has become increasingly serious, and literature reviews on China’s key polluted areas and cities in recent years show that the health and economic losses of residents caused by air pollution are more serious, and the potential health and economic benefits of policy interventions are relatively high. The willingness?to?pay method, human capital method, disease cost method, and disability?adjusted life year are the mainstream research methods in this field. However, the fact of China’s economic and social development and subjective factors brought about by sample heterogeneity will reduce the accuracy of the assessment conclusion, and it is necessary to build a comprehensive index system and focus on robustness analysis. In recent years, pollution and health are the intersections of key disciplines, and natural science and social science research need to be further integrated and serve the construction of “beautiful China” and “healthy China”.