With the rapid growth of the elderly population, especially the proportion of old people aged over 80 years, cognitive impairment may impose a huge burden on the future society. Socio?economic factors such as income, education, and occupation are independent factors that affect the cognitive function of the aged, and can be linked to cognitive function through behaviors and lifestyles, chronic diseases, social and leisure activities. Based on the SDH conceptual framework, the article analyzes different factors such as social economic, social policy, macro?environment and system, socio?economic factors, Intermediary factors, and the interrelationship between these factors on a theoretical level, explores its impact mechanism of the cognitive function of the aged, and provides policy strategies for promoting cognitive function.