To learn about the current situation of medical service for poverty rural residents， and influencing factors were analyzed to provide the reference for carrying out health poverty alleviation work. The authors make questionnaire on the current situation of medical service with multistage random sampling and analyze the influencing factors．The two?week morbidity rate is 21.9%. The two?week treatment rate is 18.0%. The hospitalization rate is 17.8%. Financial difficulties are the main reason for the low utilization of health service in poverty rural residents. The influencing factors on their health service are ages， new rural cooperative medical system， annual per capita income， numbers of family outgoing population， liabilities due to illness， and numbers of chronic diseases．To improve the current situation of medical service for poverty rural residents in Jiangsu Province， the government should implement the health input policy，raising the level of medical security for poverty rural residents， the health policies benefiting the people should be adopted with the improvement of the service capability of primary medical institution.