To select all the data of esophageal cancer patients in the new rural cooperative medical care system（NRCMS） in Anhui Province 2013—2017， to perform statistical analysis of the hospitalization， the average hospitalization days， the composition of the average cost， and the reimbursement and reimbursement expenses， to analyze the inpatient service utilization and burden of esophageal cancer patients，and to explore the changes in the reimbursement level of esophageal cancer. In 2017， the number of reimbursement for esophageal cancer per rural 100 000 people was 20.17 times that of 2013， and the compensation level increased to 312 716 yuan. The proportion of medical expenses and consumables fee of hospitalization expenses showed a downward trend. The surgery and treatment fees showed an upward trend， and the proportion of medical expenses paid by themselves was still as high as 55% in 2017. The Gini coefficient of total medical expenses， compensation expenses and hospitalization days are at the alert level. The effectiveness， efficiency and fairness of hospitalized medical services for esophageal cancer have been greatly improved， but we must continue to deepen medical reform and take comprehensive measures to promote a more rational flow of treatment and reduce unfairness.