Based on the BCC model of data envelopment analysis （DEA） and the Malmquist index method， this paper analyzed the operational efficiency and changes of 12 provincial hospitals in Anhui Province from 2015 to 2019 to provide a decision basis for promoting the high?quality development of provincial hospitals in Anhui Province during the 14th Five?Year Plan period. The results showed that the overall efficiency values of provincial hospitals in 2019 ranged from 0.686 to 1.000， with an average overall efficiency value of 0.906， of which the average technical efficiency value was 0.959 and the average scale efficiency value was 0.945. Six hospitals were DEA effective， and all non?DEA effective hospitals had input redundancy. From 2015 to 2019， the average value of total factor productivity of provincial hospitals was 0.981， among which the pure technical efficiency change index increased by 0.5%， the scale efficiency change index decreased by 1.2%， and the technical change index turned from decline to rise after 2017. The overall operation of Anhui provincial hospitals was relatively stable from 2015 to 2019. The pure technical efficiency increased significantly. The technical level improved. The low scale efficiency restricted the development of hospitals.There were differences in the operational efficiency between hospitals. It is suggested that provincial hospitals should change their development mode， allocate medical resources rationally， focus on improving the level of hospital refinement management， and improve the efficiency of resource utilization during the 14th Five?Year Plan period， so as to achieve the improvement of hospital operation efficiency.