The Yangtze River is the mother river of the Chinese nation and an important ecological security barrier in China. Promoting the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt is a major decision and plan made by the CPC Central Committee and a major strategy for China’s overall development. The great protection of the Yangtze River is an urgent and serious task based on the strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Xi Jinping， General Secretary of the CPC， has proposed to “protect together rather than develop”， take the road of “ecological priority and green development”， carry out ecological environmental restoration of Yangtze River， and build a green ecological corridor. The Yangtze River Basin is the main endemic area of schistosomiasis. How to carry out ecological protection and schistosomiasis control is of great importance to eliminate schistosomiasis. This study analyzed the challenges and opportunities of schistosomiasis control under the Yangtze River protection policy. It is recommended to improve the inter departmental joint prevention and control mechanism， accelerate the research and development of innovative technologies， strengthen wildlife monitoring and livestock management， and improve people’s awareness of protection.