Objective: To explore the quality of life and health-related factors of rural residents in Anhui Province. Methods: Rural residents were surveyed by a self-designed questionnaire containing the European Five-Dimensional Health Rating Scale(EQ-5D-5L). The distribution of the sample population in five dimensions and EQ-VAS were measured. The relationship between the characteristics of different population and the distribution of five dimensions, EQ-VAS score was explored by differential test and correlation analysis. Results: The overall evaluation of the quality of life of rural residents in Anhui Province was better. The average score of EQ-VAS was 83.80±15.36. Nearly half(49.7%) of the respondents reported that there was no problem in the five dimensions, and the proportion of pain/discomfort up to 42.0%, followed by anxiety/depression of 21.2%. Age, physical activity and chronic diseases were the main influencing factors affecting the quality of life of rural residents. Pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were the main reasons for the impact of residents’EQ-VAS self-assessed health score. Conclusion: More attention should be paid on the health problems of rural residents such as pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression in female and old age population and people with chronic diseases.