The main contents of studying Soviet Union advanced medicine in the 1950s included learning Soviet Union medical technology， medical theory， medical system， medical education system and medical spirit. Learning not only had achieved some achievements， but also some deviations. These deviations reflected some kinds of the mistakes in China during the process of learning foreign advanced science and technology. To examine the gains and losses of learning， analyze the reasons， and learn lessons from history， we would better learn foreign advanced science and technology in the future.