Immune cells support the metabolic needs of immune activation by changing the activity of metabolic enzymes and nutrient uptake，and this process is called metabolic reprogramming of immune cells. Microglia is one of the important immune cells in the brain，and it expresses most of the genes of energy substrate metabolism pathway. More and more studies have confirmed that the metabolism of microglia is highly flexible，and the regulation of metabolism can affect the immune function of microglia，and even affect the development and prognosis in neuroinflammatory diseases. This review focused on the metabolic characteristics of microglia in different environments，and discussed the effect and mechanism of microglia metabolic reprogramming on its immune function.