As a high proportion of miRNA in the brain，miR-124 is widely involved in the physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Recent studies have found that miR-124 participates in the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease by targeting and regulating the signal pathways and proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence， this article reviews the research progress on the roles of miR-124 in neurodegenerative diseases，aiming to provide a reference for the research on the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases，and provide a new idea for drug treatment targets.