With the improvement of perinatal comprehensive treatment，the survival rate of premature infants is continuously improved. The immature lungs of prematurity are susceptible to a variety of perinatal factors，resulting in lung damage. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia（BPD）is known as the most common chronic lung disease in premature infants，threatening the life and health of them seriously. Microbiota has a complex and persistent influence on human life. More and more microbiota and their functions had been discovered with the emergence of next -generation sequencing technology. Currently，numerous evidences proved that intestinal microbiota and lung microbiota played important roles in the lung development of premature infants，and the microbiota dysbiosis was closely related to BPD. However，the mechanism is still poorly understood，and more researches are needed to uncover the pathogenesis. This review summarized the characteristics of lung and intestinal microbiota in premature infants and the changes in BPD to provide optimization scheme for the treatment of BPD in the future.