Bronchial asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Traditional diagnostic methods for asthma cannot accurately determine its phenotype and genotype, necessitating more advanced non-invasive approaches for diagnosis and assessment. Current asthma treatments primarily rely on glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, but long-term use may lead to adverse effects, drug resistance, and other problems, which makes it particularly important to find new therapeutic approaches. In recent years, nanotechnology has garnered significant attention as an innovative drug delivery platform, capable of substantially enhancing drug bioavailability, targeting efficiency, and therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the latest research advances in nanotechnology for bronchial asthma diagnosis and treatment, analyzes its application prospects in asthma diagnosis, and outlines the mechanisms of action of nanocarriers in drug delivery, targeted therapy, and inflammation regulation. Furthermore, it summarizes the potential challenges and future directions for nanotechnology in clinical asthma translation, providing a reference for further research.