Objective: To investigate the impact of the graft content of mononuclear cells (MNC), CD34+ cells and T-lymphocyte subsets on post-transplant survival. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 121 patients with hematologic malignant diseases undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) was performed to investigate the effects of the doses of MNC, CD34+ cells, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the grafts on hematopoietic reconstitution and survival. Results: Neutrophils were successfully engrafted in 120 patients, and patients with high doses of CD34+ cells (≥6.90×106/kg) (P=0.000), CD3+ T cells (≥6.24×108/kg) (P=0.042) and CD8+ T cells (≥1.05×108/kg) (P=0.021) had more rapid engraftment of neutrophils. Platelets were successfully engrafted in 119 cases, and high dose CD34+ cells were associated with faster platelet reconstruction (P=0.001). Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) occurred in 53 (43.8%) patients and 28 patients had chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). One and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 83.5% and 68.0%, and one and 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 75.0% and 64.4%. In univariate analysis, the patients with high MNC dose (≥9.79×108/kg), high CD3+ T cells dose and CD4+/CD8+ T cells <3.57 had better OS and the high MNC group had better PFS (P=0.061). Multivariate analysis showed that the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell < 3.57 group had better OS (HR=0.288, 95% CI: 0.084-0.988, P=0.048). One and 3-year cumulative recurrence rates (CIR) were 18.2% and 26.8%, respectively. Patients in the higher MNC and CD8+ T-cell groups had lower CIR. Conclusion: High CD34+ cell, CD3+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were associated with faster reconstruction of neutrophils and high CD34+ cells promoted platelet engraftment. Patients with CD4+/CD8+ T cells <3.57 had better OS.