Obesity and its related diseases have become an important economic burden in the world. Obesity is caused by excessive energy intake and reduced consumption, when the energy intake exceeds the containing capacity of adipose tissue（AT）, AT undergoes functional disorders and triggers a series of metabolic related changes. Thyroid gland, being the key organ regulating the energy metabolism of the body, it exerts an profound influence on the adipose tissue, the main energy storage organ. It can regulate the glucose and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and phenotype change of adipose tissue through direct and indirect effects, and has an indispensable impact on the occurrence and development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In the past, researches on thyroid and fat mostly focused on the unilateral effect of thyroid on adipose tissue, while it’s been recently pointed out that adipose tissue can also affect thyroid function through lipotoxicity, secretion of adipokine and proinflammatory factors, leading to thyroid diseases such as thyroid nodules, thyroid dysfunction. This article will describe the interaction between thyroid and adipose tissue and its role in the occurrence and development of obesity related diseases and thyroid related diseases.