Abstract: Objective: To analyze the correlation between peripheral blood nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-cysteine protease 1 (caspase-1)-interleukin 1β (IL-1β) signaling axis and lung cancer. Methods: From June 2019 to August 2021, 72 patients with lung cancer in our hospital (lung cancer group) and 72 healthy subjects (control group) were selected. The levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β in peripheral blood and peripheral blood of lung cancer patients and healthy subjects were compared and analyzed. The levels of pulmonary function [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)] were compared. The correlation between peripheral blood NLRP3 and IL-1β levels and FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC was analyzed. Results: The levels of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC in lung cancer group were significantly lower than those in control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression levels of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β in peripheral blood monocytes of lung cancer group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). Peripheral blood levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β in lung cancer group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Nlrp3 gene mRNA relative expression levels in peripheral blood were significantly negatively correlated with FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in lung cancer group (P < 0.05). The peripheral blood IL-1β secretion levels were significantly positively correlated with FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in lung cancer group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Nlrp3 gene mRNA relative expression level in peripheral blood and peripheral blood IL-1β secretion level can reflect the progression of lung cancer to a certain extent, and are positively correlated with the progression of lung cancer, which has potential reference value for the screening and diagnosis of lung cancer.