Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy among men worldwide. A more comprehensive and integrated approach is needed for its early screening, auxiliary diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment guidance and efficacy assessment. Radiomics, a technique that extracts and analyzes image features in a quantitative and high-throughput manner, has shown significant clinical value in the non-invasive diagnosis, aggressiveness assessment, treatment efficacy and prognosis evaluation of PCa. With the rapid development of imaging modalities and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, radiomics has tremendous potential. This article reviews the existing literature on radiomics based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound and other imaging modalities in PCa research, emphasizing its potential in future applications.