Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common chronic disease, which is characterized by structural defects and dysfunction in the kidney. The incidence of cognitive dysfunction in CKD patients is significantly higher than that in the general population. Cognitive dysfunction seriously affects the quality of life and therapeutic treatment of CKD patients. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research on the mechanisms and treatments of cognitive impairment induced by CKD. The risk factors of CKD induced cognitive dysfunction include vascular damage, uremic toxins, metabolic acidosis, hemodialysis, and these factors are interwoven with complex mechanisms of renal-brain crosstalk. The current treatments for CKD induced cognitive dysfunction mainly rely on drug therapy, combined with other non-drug therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive rehabilitation training and non-invasive brain electrophysiological stimulation, aiming to achieve optimal therapeutic effects. This review will focus on the research progress of the mechanisms and treatments of cognitive impairment induced by CKD, providing a basis for the early identification, prevention, and treatment of cognitive dysfunction. In the future, studies will continue to explore the pathogenesis of CKD induced cognitive impairment, aiming to provide more effective treatment strategies for clinical practice and improve the quality of life and prognosis of patients.