Objective: Comparison of short-term efficacy of laparoscopic enucleation versus anatomical resection for hepatic hemangiomas in the right posterior lobe. Methods: A total of 58 patients with hepatic hemangiomas in the right posterior lobe were selected from our hospital between January 2020 and August 2024. The cases were divided into two groups based on the surgical technique: 28 patients underwent laparoscopic enucleation of the hepatic hemangioma, and 30 patients underwent laparoscopic anatomical resection. Various perioperative indicators were observed. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the preoperative data between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The enucleation group had a significantly shorter surgical duration [(158.9 ± 25.0) min vs. (189.6 ± 66.8) min, P < 0.05], less intraoperative blood loss [(306.4 ± 81.5) mL vs. (378.8 ± 154.5) mL, P < 0.05], and lower total postoperative drainage volume [(422.4 ± 100.0) mL vs. (732.5 ± 318.0) mL, P < 0.05]. On the first postoperative day, the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [(356.4 ± 70.8) U/L vs. (392.8 ± 55.1) U/L, P < 0.05], alanine aminotransferase (ALT) [(369.1 ± 22.2) U/L vs. (405.5 ± 35.9) U/L, P < 0.05], and total bilirubin (TBIL) [(21.6 ± 4.1) μmol/L vs. (25.9 ± 6.8) μmol/L, P < 0.05] in the enucleation group were significantly lower than those in the resection group. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative inflammatory markers (P > 0.05) or the overall incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both laparoscopic enucleation and anatomical resection are effective surgical options for treating hepatic hemangiomas in the right posterior lobe. However, laparoscopic enucleation offers advantages such as reduced surgical time, less intraoperative blood loss, and lower total postoperative drainage volume, along with a lesser impact on liver function on the first postoperative day. Therefore, the choice of surgical approach should be guided by individual clinical circumstances.