Sagittal synostosis（SS）is the most common non-syndromic craniosynostosis in children，manifesting itself in language-motor development delay，intracranial pressure increase，cognitive dysfunction，abnormal mental activities and seizures. At present，the main diagnostic methods are physical examinations，clinical manifestations and imaging examinations，and the main treatment of SS is operative treatment currently. However，there are many surgical methods selected in terms of different ages of children，degree of cranial suture closure，and degree of cerebellar tonsillar hernia caused by increased cranial pressure. Meanwhile，controversy persists in choosing surgical treatments. The purpose of this review is to investigate the pathogenesis，diagnostic standards，therapeutics of SS，and evaluate preoperative and postoperative neurodevelopment of SS，which can provide convincing evidence for future diagnosis and treatment of SS.