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通讯作者:

龙伟,E-mail:wlong@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R714.422

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)08-1147-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220815

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参考文献 13
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 26
王雅楠,李奎.剖宫产术后阴道试产时完全性子宫破裂临床特征分析[J].北京医学,2021,43(4):312-316
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨子宫破裂的母儿结局和临床特点。方法:纳入2009—2020年间南京医科大学附属妇产医院分娩的产妇,根据是否瘢痕子宫、发现子宫破裂的时间节点分组,回顾性分析70例子宫破裂患者的母儿结局和临床特点。结果:①子宫破裂的总发生率为0.054%。②临床表现:23例(32.86%)腹痛,13例(18.57%)阴道流血,9例(12.86%)胎心异常,7例(10.00%) 血流动力学不稳定,11 例(15.71%)血性羊水、病理性缩复环等其他表现,29 例(41.43%)无临床表现。③母儿结局:24 例 (34.29%)发生完全性子宫破裂,4例(5.71%)行子宫切除术,30例(42.86%)发生严重产后出血,21例(30%)大量输血,无产妇死亡;62例新生儿中3例(4.84%)胎死宫内,1例(1.61%)家属放弃抢救,5例(8.06%)新生儿重度窒息,7例(11.29%)新生儿轻度窒息。④与瘢痕子宫破裂相比,非瘢痕子宫破裂多于产后才被发现(66.67% vs.16.36%,P <0.05),其产后出血率(80.00% vs.32.73%)、大量输血率(66.67% vs.20.00%)以及住院费用(26348.68元 vs.13859.53元)均显著升高(P <0.05),两者的新生儿结局差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。⑤在瘢痕子宫中,剖宫产后阴道试产(trial of labor after cesarean,TOLAC)组的完全性子宫破裂率(55%)、产后出血率(60%)、大量输血率(45%)均较选择性重复剖宫产(elective repeat cesarean section,ERCS)组显著增加 (20.00%、17.14%、5.71%,P <0.05)。⑥临产前和产程中发现破裂者的母儿结局差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),但其完全性子宫破裂率(26.19%、11.11%)、大量输血率(16.67%、11.11%)、住院费用(11576.33 元、14846.30 元)均低于产后发现破裂者 (63.16%、68.42%、25310.57元,P <0.05)。结论:子宫破裂的临床表现主要为腹痛、胎心异常或阴道流血,亦有部分患者无特异性临床表现。非瘢痕子宫破裂者,特别是较迟发现的子宫破裂,可能造成更严重的不良预后。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the maternal and infant outcomes and clinical characteristics of uterine rupture. Methods:The clinical characteristics and maternal and infant outcomes of 70 patients with uterine rupture who delivered in Nanjing Medical University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from 2009 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed according to whether there was scar uterus or not and the time point when uterine rupture was found. Results:① The incidence of uterine rupture in this study was 0.054%. ② Clinical manifestations:23 cases(32.86%)had abdominal pain,13 cases(18.57%)had vaginal bleeding,9 cases(12.86%) had fetal heart abnormalities,7 cases(10%)had hemodynamic instability,11 cases(15.71%)had bloody amniotic fluid,pathological contraction of loops and other manifestations,and 29 cases(41.43%)had no clinical manifestations. ③ Maternal and infant outcomes: There were24 cases(34.29%)with complete uterine rupture,4 cases(5.71%)with hysterectomy,30 cases(42.86%)with serious postpartum hemorrhage,21 cases(30%)with massive blood transfusion,and no maternal death. Among the62 newborns,3 cases (4.84%)died intrauterine,1 case(1.61%)was given up rescue by family members,5 cases(8.06%)had severe neonatal asphyxia,7 cases(11.29%)had mild neonatal asphyxia. ④ Compared with scar uterine rupture,non ⁃ scar uterine rupture was more than postpartum rupture(66.67% vs.16.36%,P < 0.05). Postpartum bleeding rate(80.00% vs.32.73%),massive transfusion rate(66.67% vs.20.00%)and hospitalization cost(26348.68 yuan vs.13859.53 yuan)were significantly increased(P < 0.05),but there was no significant difference in neonatal outcomes between the two groups(P > 0.05). ⑤ In scarred uterus,the rate of complete uterine rupture (55%),postpartum hemorrhage(60%)and massive transfusion(45%)in TOLAC group were significantly higher than those in ERCS group(20.00%,17.14%,5.71%,P < 0.05). ⑥ There was no significant difference in maternal and infant outcomes of patients with rupture before and during labor(P > 0.05). However,the rates of complete uterine rupture(26.19% ,11.11%),massive blood transfusion(16.67%,11.11%)and hospitalization costs(11576.33 RMB,14846.30 RMB)were lower than those of postpartum group (63.16%,68.42%,25310.57 RMB,P < 0.05). Conclusion:In this study,the clinical manifestations of uterine rupture were mainly characterized as abdominal pain,abnormal fetal heart rate or vaginal bleeding,and some patients had no specific clinical manifestations. Non⁃scar uterine rupture,especially if detected late,may result in a more severe adverse outcome.

  • 子宫破裂是直接危及产妇和胎儿生命的严重并发症,指妊娠晚期或分娩期子宫体部或子宫下段发生破裂,根据子宫浆膜层是否完整可分为完全性和不完全性子宫破裂。常由于子宫手术史形成局部瘢痕或梗阻性难产、子宫收缩药物使用不当、手术损伤等因素引起子宫肌层变薄、损伤而发生破裂。临床表现主要为胎心异常、腹痛、阴道流血、血流动力学不稳定等[1]。不同地区子宫破裂的发生率不同,大致为0.010%~0.078%,并随着剖宫产率的增加及剖宫产后阴道试产(trial of labor after cesarean, TOLAC)的增加呈上升趋势[2]。因此,本文回顾性分析近12年我院产科住院分娩的70例子宫破裂病例,探讨其临床特点和母儿结局,旨在为指导和优化临床实践提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 2009年7月—2020年5月于南京医科大学附属妇产医院住院分娩,发生子宫破裂的70例产妇。本研究已通过南京医科大学附属妇产医院伦理委员会审批[宁妇伦字(2019)KY⁃030号]。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 根据既往是否有累及子宫肌层的手术史分为 “瘢痕子宫组”和“非瘢痕子宫组”。手术史包括:剖宫产手术、肌壁间肌瘤挖除术、子宫纵隔切除术、宫角切除术、子宫破裂修补术。瘢痕子宫组55例,包括52例既往有剖宫产手术史,2例既往有肌壁间子宫肌瘤挖除手术史,1例既往有子宫破裂修补手术史;非瘢痕子宫组15例。记录产妇的年龄、孕次、产次、孕周、孕期产检情况、分娩方式、发现子宫破裂的时间节点、临床表现、破裂的位置及类型、治疗方式、母儿结局等数据进行统计分析。另外,根据发现子宫破裂的时间节点分为临产前、产程中、产后3组,对3组的母儿结局进行分析比较。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 24.0软件对数据进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料结果以均数±标准差(x-±s) 表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料结果以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U 检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验,不满足 χ2 检验的条件时采用Fisher精确概率法,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 子宫破裂产妇的基本情况

  • 2009年7月—2020年5月期间,在南京医科大学附属妇产医院住院分娩的产妇为129 411例,其中发生子宫破裂者为70例,发生率为0.054%。70例发生子宫破裂的产妇年龄24~48岁,平均年龄(33.14± 4.80)岁,孕周16.6~41.3周,中位孕周38.65周,孕次1~8次,中位孕次3次,产次0~4次,中位产次1次,其中孕周≥28周者占87.14%(61/70),单胎妊娠者占97.14%(68/70)。70例产妇中有55例(78.57%)为瘢痕子宫,15例(21.43%)为非瘢痕子宫。临产前发现子宫破裂者为42例(60%),产程中发现子宫破裂者为9例(12.86%),产后发现子宫破裂者为19例 (27.14%)。

  • 2.2 子宫破裂病例的临床特征

  • 70例产妇中有12例(17.14%)生理产分娩,7例 (10%)产钳助娩,51例(72.86%)剖宫产分娩。其中23例(32.86%)有腹痛、瘢痕处痛等临床表现,13例(18.57%)有阴道流血,9例(12.86%)发生胎心异常改变,7例(10%)出现血压下降、心率增快等血流动力学不稳定表现,11例(15.71%)有病理性缩复环、头晕、乏力、呕吐、腹膜刺激征、血性羊水、血尿、腹腔积液、肠梗阻等其他表现,29例(41.43%)无临床表现或仅表现为B超见子宫肌层自宫腔至浆膜层的异常低回声区、产后宫腔探查提示宫腔连续性不完整。70例子宫破裂中58例(82.86%)为子宫下段破裂,9例(12.86%)为宫体破裂(其中1例为宫体+下段破裂),3例(4.29%)为宫角破裂,1例(1.43%)为宫底破裂。其中瘢痕子宫破裂的患者,破裂口位于原瘢痕处者为47例(85.45%),不位于原瘢痕处者为8例 (14.55%):2例为腹腔镜下宫颈环扎术后子宫下段近宫颈环扎处发生破裂,2例为瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘者于孕中期行依沙吖啶引产后并发感染,其中1例为外院依沙吖啶引产6d后胎儿未娩出转至本院,于子宫前壁下段左侧至宫颈内口处发生长12cm的破裂,1例于引产后11d发现子宫破裂,破裂口位于子宫前方脓苔下,1例为胎盘植入于宫角处胎盘植入部位发生破裂,3例为多次人工流产术后于子宫下段右侧发生破裂。

  • 2.3 子宫破裂产妇的母儿结局

  • 70例产妇中有24例(34.29%)发生完全性子宫破裂,4例(5.71%)行子宫切除术,其中3例为子宫修补困难,1例合并感染;30例(42.86%)发生严重产后出血,21例(30%)大量输血,无产妇死亡。这些患者的中位住院天数为7d,中位住院花费为14 850.59元。70例产妇中有2例为双胎妊娠,10例计划性引产,其中9例为依沙吖啶引产,1例为行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术后剖宫取胎,余62个新生儿中3例 (4.84%)胎死宫内,1例(1.61%)出生后家属放弃抢救,均为孕中期分娩,分娩孕周16.6~20.0周,5例 (8.06%)新生儿重度窒息,7例(11.29%)新生儿轻度窒息。

  • 2.4 瘢痕子宫与非瘢痕子宫产妇子宫破裂的临床特征和母儿结局比较

  • 进一步分析70例子宫破裂的患者资料,发现与非瘢痕子宫组相比,瘢痕子宫组孕产次更多,且分娩孕周更早,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);比较分娩方式,瘢痕子宫组剖宫产分娩者明显多于非瘢痕子宫组,而非瘢痕子宫组产钳助娩者明显多于瘢痕子宫组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);瘢痕子宫组于临产前发现子宫破裂者明显高于非瘢痕子宫组,而非瘢痕子宫组更多患者于产后才发现子宫破裂,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);瘢痕子宫组子宫破裂位置为子宫下段者较多,而非瘢痕子宫组子宫破裂位置为宫体者较多,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组的年龄、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、产检情况、引产率、临床表现的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表1)。

  • 非瘢痕子宫组的产后出血率、大量输血率以及住院费用均明显高于瘢痕子宫组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);两组的完全性子宫破裂率、子宫切除率、住院天数、新生儿体重、胎死宫内或新生儿死亡率、新生儿窒息率、新生儿转新生儿重症监护病房 (neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)率的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表2)。

  • 对瘢痕子宫组进一步分析发现,其中有20例为TOLAC、35例为选择性重复剖宫产(elective repeat cesarean section,ERCS)终止妊娠。在TOLAC组中,有4例(20%)产妇使用催产素或球囊引产;有18例 (90%)产妇存在腹痛、阴道流血、胎心异常、血流动力学不稳定等临床表现,其中在产程中剖宫产终止妊娠的7例产妇中表现有胎心异常者最多 (57.14%),在产后怀疑子宫破裂的9例产妇中表现有阴道流血者最多(55.56%);有9例产妇经阴道分娩,另外8例因怀疑子宫破裂、3例因胎儿窘迫剖宫产终止妊娠。在ERCS组中,有21例(60%)产妇无临床表现或仅表现为B超见子宫肌层自宫腔至浆膜层的异常低回声区,10例产妇因存在腹痛、B超异常表现而怀疑子宫破裂,余25例产妇均为择期剖宫产术中发现子宫破裂。与ERCS组相比,TOLAC组的完全性子宫破裂率、产后出血率、大量输血率均显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组新生儿结局的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表3)。

  • 2.5 临床发现子宫破裂的时间节点对母儿结局的影响

  • 根据临床发现子宫破裂的时间节点将其分为临产前(42例,60%)、产程中(9例,12.86%)、产后 (19例,27.14%)3组,3组的年龄、孕次、产次、BMI、新生儿结局的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。两两比较时发现,临产前组的孕周、引产率、完全性子宫破裂率、产后出血率、大量输血率、住院天数、住院费用均明显低于产后组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);产程中组的完全性子宫破裂率、大量输血率、住院费用均明显低于产后组,差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05);临产前组和产程中组的母儿结局差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表4)。

  • 表1 瘢痕子宫破裂和非瘢痕子宫破裂的临床特征比较

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical features of scar uterine rupture and hon⁃scar uterire rupture

  • a:删除5例未到建围产期保健卡孕周者;b:删除14例孕中期及计划性引产者;c:采用Fisher精确概率法。

  • 表2 瘢痕子宫破裂和非瘢痕子宫破裂的母儿结局比较

  • Table2 Comparison of maternal and infaut outcome of scar uterine rupture and non⁃scar uterine rupture

  • a:大量输血指输红细胞≥1 000mL;b:删除13例计划性引产及胎死宫内者;c:删除10例计划性引产者;d:采用Fisher精确概率法。

  • 表3 TOLAC和ERCS发生子宫破裂的临床特征和母儿结局比较

  • Table3 Comparison of clinical features and maternal and infant outcomes of uterine rupture in TOLAC and ERCS

  • a:采用Fisher精确概率法;b:删除13例计划性引产及胎死宫内者;c:删除10例计划性引产者。

  • 表4 临床发现子宫破裂的不同时间节点间的母儿结局比较

  • Table4 Comparison of meternal and infant outcomes at difterent time points in uterine rupture

  • a:与产后组比较,P <0.05;b:删除13例计划性引产及胎死宫内者;c:删除10例计划性引产者;d:采用Fisher精确概率法。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 子宫破裂的发生率

  • 子宫破裂是直接威胁产妇和胎儿生命的产科危急重症之一,可导致严重的不良妊娠结局,随剖宫产率的增加、生育政策的变化以及瘢痕子宫阴道试产的推广,子宫破裂的发生率呈上升趋势。不同研究中子宫破裂的发生率不同,受地域、经济水平、医疗水平、教育水平、样本量等的影响,大致为0.010%~0.078%,其中无剖宫产史者的子宫破裂发生率为0.006%~0.018%。既往有剖宫产史者的子宫破裂发生率为0.22%~0.37%[3-7]。美国妇产科学会 (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG)2019年发表的TOLAC指南指出剖宫产术后再次择期剖宫产者的子宫破裂发生率为0.02%,阴道试产者的子宫破裂发生率为0.71%[8]。本研究中子宫破裂的发生率为0.054%,在国内外已发表研究中处于较高水平,考虑与本院为江苏省孕产妇危急重症救治中心,高危孕产妇比例较高,且本研究中未剔除不完全性子宫破裂病例有关。

  • 3.2 子宫破裂的高危因素

  • 目前已明确的子宫破裂病因包括瘢痕子宫、梗阻性难产、子宫收缩药物使用不当、产科手术损伤、子宫发育异常、多次宫腔操作史等[19-10],其中瘢痕子宫为其最主要病因,包括既往行剖宫产术、子宫肌瘤或腺肌瘤挖除术、宫角切除术、子宫成形术等所有损伤子宫肌层的手术,造成子宫肌层的连续性中断、瘢痕组织弹性欠佳、抗压能力差[11]

  • 目前认为既往有多次子宫手术史、距前次子宫手术间隔时间过短或过长、前次手术中采用子宫单层缝合、前次手术后并发感染者更易发生子宫破裂[112]。关于妊娠间隔时间不同研究的结果不同,多认为妊娠间隔时间小于12~18个月是子宫破裂的高危因素[1113-14],而Hasbargen等[15] 则认为剖宫产术后2~3年是子宫切口愈合的最佳时期,此后子宫瘢痕肌肉化的程度逐渐退化并失去弹性,从而再次妊娠时更易发生子宫破裂。本研究中的妊娠间隔时间为9~168个月,其中有41例(74.55%)瘢痕子宫孕妇的妊娠间隔时间≥36个月,与Hasbargen等[8] 的研究结果一致。TOLAC在我国已开展十余年,与非瘢痕子宫阴道试产及瘢痕子宫直接剖宫产相比,其发生子宫破裂的风险明显增加。本研究中有20例瘢痕子宫孕妇行TOLAC,与直接剖宫产相比,其完全性子宫破裂率、产后出血率、大量输血率均显著升高。因此对于有阴道试产意愿的瘢痕子宫孕妇应详细询问既往手术情况,全面评估阴道试产条件,严格把握TOLAC指征。

  • 在非瘢痕子宫孕妇中,既往有多次人工流产或清宫手术、人工剥离胎盘术、宫腔粘连分解术等宫腔操作史者更易发生子宫破裂,孕妇高龄、多次孕产史、子宫过度扩张、畸形亦会增加子宫破裂的风险[16-17]。在本研究中的15例(21.43%)非瘢痕子宫孕妇中,有8例(53.33%)为高龄孕产妇,9例(60%) 既往有阴道分娩史或大月份引产史,7例(46.67%) 既往有人工流产史,1例为双胎妊娠且合并子宫肌瘤。合并前置胎盘、胎盘植入、感染者发生子宫破裂的风险亦相应增加。在非瘢痕子宫孕妇中,有1例发生产间发热。在非原瘢痕处破裂的瘢痕子宫孕妇中,有2例依沙吖啶引产的前置胎盘产妇,其中1例在引产3d后感持续性下腹痛,但未引起重视,在引产6d后发现子宫破裂,另1例在引产时行人工剥离胎盘,分娩后有时多时少的阴道流血,亦未引起重视,在引产后11d发现子宫破裂。对于前置胎盘引产者,更应关注其腹痛、阴道流血情况,警惕子宫破裂的发生,对于分娩时人工剥离胎盘者在胎盘剥离后应探查宫腔完整性,必要时可行B超检查协助诊断。另外本研究中的2例腹腔镜下宫颈环扎术后产妇均为靠近宫颈内口处发生子宫破裂,考虑可能与宫颈环扎术导致局部切割、缺损和瘢痕,形成薄弱区有关。因此,临床上需详细询问病史,特别是生育史和手术史,重视病史中的高危因素,适时剖宫产结束分娩。

  • 产程中使用前列腺素制剂、催产素引产亦会增加子宫破裂的风险,考虑与药物引产时的宫缩过强有关[31118],在本研究中,有9例(12.86%)孕妇行依沙吖啶引产、8例(11.43%)行催产素或球囊引产,1例 (1.43%)行地诺前列酮栓引产,值得注意的是,该例地诺前列酮栓引产的孕妇为经产妇,总产程仅3h。另外在11例发生完全性子宫破裂的TOLAC孕妇中,有7例为依沙吖啶引产,3例在试产过程中使用催产素或球囊引产。因此,临床上应严格掌握药物引产指征,对经产妇和瘢痕子宫孕妇的引产更应慎重,引产过程中要严密观察,避免宫缩过强[1218]

  • 3.3 子宫破裂的临床特征

  • 子宫破裂多由先兆子宫破裂进展而来,常见的临床表现包括胎心异常、宫缩间歇期仍有严重腹痛、阴道异常出血、血尿、宫缩消失、孕妇心动过速、低血压、晕厥或休克、胎先露异常、腹部轮廓改变等[1]。有研究报道,子宫破裂的最常见征兆是胎心异常,达55%~87%[819-20],因此强调对胎儿心率的持续监测,尤其是TOLAC孕妇。但也有研究报道腹痛为子宫破裂的最常见表现,胎心异常仅占23.6%~34.0%[212]。在本研究中,非瘢痕子宫产妇中阴道流血(33.33%)为最常见表现;ERCS产妇中腹痛(36.36%)为最常见表现,TOLAC产妇中,产程中剖宫产终止妊娠者胎心异常(57.14%)为最常见表现,产后怀疑子宫破裂者阴道流血(55.56%)为最常见表现。本研究中胎心异常者占比较低(12.86%),考虑因本研究中60%产妇为临产前剖宫产,尚未行持续胎心监护,因此无法发现是否存在胎心改变有关可能。另外本研究中41.43%产妇无临床表现或仅表现为B超见子宫肌层自宫腔至浆膜层的异常低回声区、产后宫腔探查提示宫腔连续性不完整,考虑与65.71%为不完全性子宫破裂有关可能。目前尚没有明确的子宫破裂预测方法,应熟悉子宫破裂的临床表现,当出现上述症状时提高警惕,可结合查体及B超检查,及早发现子宫破裂。

  • 3.4 子宫破裂的母儿结局

  • 子宫破裂可造成严重产后出血、低血容量休克、弥散性血管内凝血、脏器功能受损、子宫切除、孕产妇死亡、新生儿窒息、缺血缺氧性脑病、胎死宫内或新生儿死亡等严重的不良母儿结局[21-23]。刘喆等[2] 研究报道子宫切除率为9.5%,孕产妇死亡率为1.2%,围产儿死亡率为21.8%,Vandenberghe等[5] 的研究报道子宫切除率为6.4%,围产儿死亡率为11.6%,有研究报道子宫切除率为20.6%,孕产妇死亡率为1.2%,围产儿死亡率为26.2%[22-23],不同研究报道的母儿结局存在较大差异,可能与研究样本的大小、所处年份、所在地的医疗水平、经济水平等的不同有关。在本研究中,子宫切除率为5.7%,围产儿死亡率为6.45%,无孕产妇死亡,均明显低于上述研究结果,考虑与本研究未剔除不完全性子宫破裂病例有关。

  • 与瘢痕子宫破裂相比,非瘢痕子宫破裂更易造成严重的母儿并发症。有研究结果提示与瘢痕子宫破裂相比,非瘢痕子宫破裂显著增加了子宫切除的风险,且有更高的出血量和输血率[2224-25]。在本研究中,非瘢痕子宫破裂的子宫切除率(13.33%)与瘢痕子宫破裂(3.64%)相比亦呈升高趋势,但两者的差异无统计学意义,不排除与本研究样本量少有关。另外在本研究中,非瘢痕子宫破裂的产后出血率(80%)、大量输血率(66.67%)以及住院费用(26 348.68元)均明显高于瘢痕子宫破裂(32.73%、20%、 13 859.53元),与Karen等[24]、Barger等[25] 的研究结果一致。非瘢痕子宫破裂的后果更严重主要与以下因素有关:①非瘢痕子宫破裂常发生于子宫体部、子宫侧面,破裂部位血供丰富,且该类型的破裂手术修复的难度更大;②对于既往无子宫手术史者,子宫破裂更具有隐匿性,大部分于阴道分娩后才发现子宫破裂,存在不同程度的诊断和处理延迟,导致子宫切除的风险更高[22]。因此,我们根据发现子宫破裂的时机将其分为临产前、产程中、产后进行分析,发现临产前和产程中发现子宫破裂者的完全性子宫破裂率、大量输血率、住院费用均显著低于产后发现子宫破裂者,而新生儿窒息率、围产儿死亡率3组的差异无统计学意义,与Al⁃Zirqi等[22] 的研究一致。与瘢痕子宫组相比,非瘢痕子宫破裂并不增加围产儿死亡率,但新生儿结局与破裂发生至胎儿娩出的时间长短有关,多认为从怀疑子宫破裂至胎儿娩出的时间不应超过30min,以降低围产儿死亡率和近远期并发症[52326]。由此可见,临床上对子宫破裂的及时发现和处理对于改善母儿结局至关重要,不论是否合并子宫破裂高危因素,均应警惕子宫破裂的发生。

  • 综上所述,本研究中子宫破裂的临床表现主要为腹痛、胎心异常或阴道流血,在TOLAC过程中,胎心异常是其最常见的表现,当出现上述表现时应警惕子宫破裂的发生。亦有部分患者无特异性临床表现,可结合查体、B超检查等协助诊断。瘢痕子宫是子宫破裂的主要病因,但非瘢痕子宫破裂者,特别是较迟发现的子宫破裂,可能造成更严重的不良预后。因此,不论是否合并高危因素,临床上均应时刻警惕发生子宫破裂的可能性,做到早期识别和积极处理,进而改善母儿预后。

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