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通讯作者:

张倩,E-mail:qianzhang@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R562.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)09-1279-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220913

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估外周血circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/MGAT3在过敏性鼻炎-哮喘综合征(combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome,CARAS)中的诊断价值。方法:收集CARAS患者38例和健康对照43例,采集外周静脉血,采用ELISA法检测血浆中 MGAT3蛋白水平,采用qRT-PCR检测外周血中circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/MGAT3的表达水平。ROC曲线判断指标的诊断灵敏度与特异度。结果:ELISA结果显示,CARAS患者中MGAT3的浓度较对照组明显下降(P =0.035)。qRT-PCR结果显示,circ_ 0070934(P =0.001)与MGAT3(P < 0.001)的表达较对照组下调,而miR-199a-5p的表达水平上调(P =0.013)。相关性分析结果显示,MGAT3 与嗜酸性粒细胞直接计数、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比呈正相关;circ_0070934 与二者呈负相关。ROC 曲线分析, MGAT3 为最佳参数,取界值为 0.208 时,其灵敏度和特异度分别为 73.7%和 100.0%,AUC 为 0.933(95%CI:0.882~0.984,P < 0.001);circ_0070934、miR-199a-5p和MGAT33个指标联合时,对CARAS的诊断价值最高,取界值为0.539时,灵敏度为92.1%,特异度为93.0%,AUC为0.959(95%CI:0.916~1.000,P < 0.001)。结论:CARAS患者外周血circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/MGAT3 的表达存在差异,可作为诊断CARAS的生物标志物。进一步研究circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/MGAT3在CARAS中的具体作用和机制,有助于发现CARAS新的诊治靶点。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of peripheral blood circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/MGAT3 in combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome(CARAS). Methods:Peripheral venous blood was collected from 38 CARAS patients and 43 healthy controls. Plasma MGAT3 protein level was detected by ELISA,and the expression level of circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/ MGAT3 in peripheral blood was detected by quantitative real - time PCR(qRT - PCR). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined by ROC curve. Results:ELISA results showed that MGAT3 concentration in CARAS patients was significantly lower than that in control group(P =0.035). The circ_0070934(P =0.001)and MGAT3 mRNA expressions(P < 0.001)in CARAS patients were down-regulated when compared with control group,while miR-199a-5p was up-regulated(P =0.013). Correlation analysis showed that MGAT3 was positively correlated with the count of eosinophils and the percentage of eosinophils,while circ_0070934 showed a negative correlation. ROC curve analysis indicated that MGAT3 was the best parameter. When the cut - off value was 0.208,the sensitivity and specificity were73.7% and 100.0%,respectively,and the AUC was 0.933(95% CI:0.882~0.984,P < 0.001). The combination of circ_0070934,miR -199a -5p and MGAT3 had the highest diagnostic value for CARAS. When the cut -off value was 0.539,the sensitivity was 92.1%,the specificity was 93.0%,and the AUC was 0.959(95%CI:0.916~1.000,P < 0.001). Conclusion: Altered expressions of circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/MGAT3 were confirmed in the peripheral blood of CARAS patients,which can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of CARAS. Further researches on the specific role and mechanism of circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/ MGAT3 in CARAS will help to discover new diagnostic and therapeutic targets of CARAS.

  • 支气管哮喘(哮喘)是一种反复发作的慢性气道疾病,以慢性气道炎症、气道高反应、可逆性气流受限和气道重塑为特征,表现为反复发作的喘息、气促、胸闷、咳嗽等呼吸道症状[1]。过敏性鼻炎和哮喘分别表现为上呼吸道和下呼吸道炎症,两者在病因、免疫学和发生机制等方面均极为相似,因此,根据“同一气道、同一疾病”概念,近年来提出过敏性鼻炎⁃哮喘综合征(combined allergic rhinitis and asth⁃ ma syndrome,CARAS)这一新医学诊断名称,指同时发生的临床或亚临床上呼吸道过敏(过敏性鼻炎) 和下呼吸道过敏性症状(哮喘)[2]

  • 非编码RNA(non⁃coding RNA,ncRNA)是指转录组中不翻译为蛋白质的RNA分子,包括长链非编码RNA(long non ⁃coding RNA,lncRNA)、微小RNA (microRNA,miRNA)、环形RNA(circular RNA,circ⁃ RNA)等[3]。ncRNA在过敏性疾病(包括过敏性鼻炎和哮喘)的发生发展中发挥重要作用,参与了气道炎症应答、气道重塑、气道高反应、上皮分化、黏液生成等重要过程,并有望成为疾病诊断的生物标志物和治疗靶标[4]。研究报道,miR⁃199a⁃5p在中性粒细胞哮喘患者外周血及诱导痰液中的表达升高,并且和肺功能呈负相关[5],但在CARAS患者中的表达水平变化及相关研究未见文献报道。本研究通过circBANK基因库预测到环形RNA circ_0070934与miR ⁃199a ⁃5p结合,并且通过Targetscan预测miR ⁃ 199a⁃5p靶向调控甘露糖甙乙酰氨基葡糖转移酶 (mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase3,MGAT3)。本研究旨在通过比较CARAS患者和健康对照外周血中circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3的表达差异,探讨其作为CARAS早期诊断生物标志物的价值,评估其与CARAS患者相关临床指标之间的相关性,为进一步研究其在CARAS发生发展中的机制打下基础。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究于2020年7月—2021年12月在南京医科大学附属常州二院呼吸与危重症医学科门诊收集38例CARAS患者和43例性别、年龄匹配的健康对照。过敏性鼻炎诊断标准参照中国过敏性鼻炎诊治指南[6],哮喘诊断根据我国2020版支气管哮喘防治指南[7],CARAS的诊断须同时符合过敏性鼻炎和哮喘的诊断标准。正常对照组为健康志愿者,无哮喘和过敏性鼻炎病史,无其他过敏性及免疫系统疾病等。CARAS患者为初诊患者,未使用抗哮喘药物。所有受试者均需排除合并感染、肺栓塞、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺结核、血液系统疾病及肝脏功能异常等疾病,均进行血常规、肝功能、肾功能、血糖、血脂以及心电图等检查以排除基础疾病。所有受试者均需签署知情同意书,本研究获得南京医科大学附属常州二院伦理委员会批准(批件号:[2020] KY213⁃01)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 采集血液样本

  • 用EDTA抗凝管收集患者和健康对照的静脉外周血10mL,其中5mL低速离心机3 000r/min离心10min,分离血清,用于ELISA测量MGAT3蛋白水平;另留存5mL全血用于qRT ⁃ PCR测定circ_ 0070934、miR⁃199a⁃5p及MGAT3的表达水平。所有受试者的血液样本均储存于-80℃。

  • 1.2.2 ELISA测定

  • 人MGAT3ELISA试剂盒(上海科兴生物科技有限公司)对CARAS患者和对照组血清样本中MGAT3的含量进行检测,严格按照试剂盒说明书进行实验和操作。

  • 1.2.3 qRT⁃PCR检测

  • 使用RNAliquid超速全血总RNA提取试剂盒 (北京汇天东方科技有限公司)提取总RNA,实验步骤按照说明书进行。使用紫外线分光光度计对提取的RNA浓度及纯度进行检测。采用FastQuant cDNA第一链合成试剂盒(北京天根生化科技有限公司)进行反转录,合成mRNA cDNA/circRNA cDNA。采用miRNA第一链cDNA合成(加尾法)(上海生工生物工程股份有限公司)进行反转录。使用Super⁃ Real PreMix Plus(SYBR Green)(北京天根生化科技有限公司)对mRNA和circRNA进行扩增,使用miR⁃ NA荧光定量PCR试剂盒(染料法)(上海生工生物工程股份有限公司)对miRNA进行扩增,用ABI 7300型荧光定量PCR仪,采用2-ΔΔCT法进行数据的相对定量分析。 circ0070934的内参为GAPDH, MGAT3的内参为GAPDH+ACTB,miRNA的内参为U6。MGAT3、circ_0070934、ACTB、GAPDH的上下游引物和miR⁃199a⁃5p的上游引物由北京博迈德公司合成,U6的上下游引物和miR⁃199a⁃5p的下游引物为miRNA荧光定量PCR试剂盒提供的通用引物。引物序列如下:MGAT3(F:5′⁃TCCTGTTTCCCT⁃ CACTGTGC ⁃ 3′;R:3′ ⁃ ACACACGCACAA ⁃ ACAT⁃ GAGC⁃5′);circ_0070934(F:5′⁃GGTGAAAG⁃GACT⁃ GATCAACCAT ⁃ 3′;R:5′ ⁃ TGTCTTGAGCTT ⁃ TCCT⁃ GCCT ⁃ 3′);miR ⁃ 199a ⁃ 5p(F:5′ ⁃ CCCAGTGTT ⁃ CAGACTACCTGTTC⁃3′);ACTB(F:5′⁃TCCGCAAA⁃ GACCTGTACGC⁃3′;R:5′⁃CTGGAAGGTGGACAGC⁃ GAG⁃3′);GAPDH(F:5′⁃TCGACAGTCAGCCGCAT⁃ CTTCTTT⁃3′,R:5′⁃ACCAAATCCGTTGACTCCGAC⁃ CTT⁃3′)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 21.0统计软件,计量资料采用Kol⁃ mogorov⁃Smirnov检验进行正态性检验,对符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量资料以比例表示,两样本比较采用t检验(正态分布的资料)或Mann⁃Whitney U检验(非正态分布资料),相关关系采用Pearson相关分析(正态分布的资料)或Spearman秩相关分析(非正态分布的资料),受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线判断诊断灵敏度与特异度,通过曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)判断诊断效果,AUC=0.5,无诊断价值,AUC越接近1,提示诊断越准确,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义(双尾法)。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究对象的临床特征

  • 本研究纳入38例CARAS患者及43例健康对照,两组年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)匹配。与健康对照组相比,CARAS组患者肺功能第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one ⁃ second, FEV1%pred)及第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(the first second forced expiratory volume ratio of forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC)显著降低(P< 0.05),而嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophils,EOS)绝对值、 EOS比例及呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)明显高于对照组(P< 0.001,表1)。

  • 2.2 CARAS组与健康对照组血浆MGAT3 的表达水平

  • ELISA实验结果显示,CARAS组患者外周血血浆MGAT3的表达量(0.20±0.05)较对照组(0.32± 0.31)明显下降(P=0.035,图1)。

  • 2.3 CARAS组与健康对照组circ_0070934、miR ⁃ 199a⁃5p及MGAT3的表达水平

  • qRT ⁃ PCR结果显示,与健康对照组相比, MGAT3在CARAS组中表达明显降低(图2A,P< 0.001),circ_0070934在CARAS组中表达也明显降低(图2B,P=0.001),而miR⁃199a⁃5p的表达量则明显上调(图2C,P=0.013)。

  • 表1 研究对象临床特征

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of subjects

  • 图1 CARAS组与健康对照组血浆MGAT3的表达水平

  • Fig.1 Expression level of plasma MGAT3in CARAS group and healthy control group

  • 2.4 circ_0070934/MGAT3/miR ⁃199a ⁃5p与CARAS患者临床指标的相关性

  • CARAS患者外周血MGAT3mRNA水平与EOS绝对值(r=0.412,P=0.011)、EOS比例呈正相关(r=0.469,P=0.003),circ_0070934与EOS绝对值(r=-0.516,P=0.001)、EOS比例呈负相关(r=-0.348,P=0.035)(表2,图3)。MGAT3、circ_0070934与FeNO、 FEV1%pred及FEV1/FVC没有相关性。miR⁃199a⁃5p与EOS绝对值、EOS比例、FeNO、FEV1%pred及FEV1/FVC均没有明显相关性(表2)。

  • 2.5 circ_0070934/miR ⁃199a ⁃5p/MGAT3 在CARAS中的诊断效果

  • ROC曲线分析以评估MGAT3、miR⁃199a⁃5p和circ0070934作为CARAS生物标志物的价值(表3、图4)。当界值(cut ⁃ off value)为0.208时,MGAT3mRNA作为CARAS生物标志物的灵敏度为73.7%,特异度为100.0%,AUC为0.933(95%CI:0.882~0.984,P< 0.001),此指标作为CARAS生物标志物的诊断价值最佳。多因素联合诊断ROC曲线分析 (表3、图5),当界值为0.539时,MGAT3、miR⁃199a⁃ 5p与circ_0070934作为联合诊断CARAS的生物标志物的灵敏度为92.1%,特异度为93.0%,AUC为0.959(95%CI:0.916~1.000,P< 0.001)。

  • 图2 CARAS组与健康对照组外周血中MGAT3、miR⁃199a⁃5p和circ_0070934表达水平

  • Fig.2 Expression levels of MGAT3,miR⁃199a⁃5p and circ_0070934in peripheral blood of CARAS group and healthy control group

  • 表2 circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3与CARAS患者临床指标的相关性

  • Table2 Correlation between circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3and clinical indexes of CARAS patients

  • 3 讨论

  • 过敏性鼻炎和哮喘被认为是同一疾病的两种表现,80%的哮喘患者患有过敏性鼻炎,而60%的过敏性鼻炎会发展为哮喘[28]。目前CARAS的诊断主要参照过敏性鼻炎和哮喘的两个诊治指南,尚无CARAS相关诊断生物标志物的报道。本研究首次在CARAS患者外周血中检测circ_0070934/miR ⁃ 199a⁃5p/MGAT3水平,发现circ_0070934与MGAT3的表达较健康对照下调,而miR⁃199a⁃5p的表达水平上调。

  • 图3 circ_0070934/MGAT3与CARAS患者临床指标的相关性

  • Fig.3 Correlation between circ_0070934/MGAT3and clinical indexes of CARAS patients

  • 表3 MGAT3、miR⁃199a⁃5p和circ_0070934作为CARAS生物标志物的价值

  • Table3 Value of MGAT3,miR⁃199a⁃5p,circ_0070934as biomarkers of CARAS

  • 图4 MGAT3、miR⁃199a⁃5p和circ_0070934作为CARAS生物标志物的ROC曲线分析

  • Fig.4 ROC curve analysis of MGAT3,miR ⁃ 199a ⁃ 5p and circ_0070934as CARAS biomarkers

  • 研究报道,miR⁃199a⁃5p在中性粒细胞哮喘患者外周血及诱导痰液中的表达升高,并且和肺功能呈负相关,但与外周血EOS无相关性[5]。本研究也未发现miR⁃199a⁃5p与CARAS患者EOS之间存在相关性,提示miR⁃199a⁃5p可能不参与调节EOS。但本研究发现CARAS患者的外周血circ_0070934表达水平与EOS绝对计数和EOS比例都呈负相关,MGAT3的表达水平则与之呈正相关,提示circ_0070934和MGAT3可能与EOS炎症密切相关,其具体机制有待进一步研究。

  • 本研究用ROC曲线分析circ_0070934、miR ⁃ 199a ⁃5p和MGAT3在CARAS中的诊断价值,发现MGAT3取界值为0.208时,灵敏度和特异度高(分别为73.7%和100.0%),为最佳参数。其次是circ_ 0070934,取界值为0.620时,灵敏度为71.1%,特异度为69.8%。而miR⁃199a⁃5p则相对较低,取界值为1.166时,灵敏度为55.3%,特异度为72.1%。另外,本研究又对这些指标进行了多因素联合的ROC曲线分析,发现当circ_0070934、miR ⁃ 199a ⁃ 5p和MGAT3 3个指标联合时,对CARAS的诊断价值最高,取界值为0.539时,灵敏度为92.1%,特异度为93.0%。可以看出,在单因素诊断CARAS时, MGAT3的诊断价值最高,但多因素联合诊断的价值要明显高于单因素,尤其是circ_0070934、miR⁃199a⁃ 5p和MGAT3 3个检测指标联合后,对于CARAS的诊断有着非常重要的意义。因此,外周血circ_ 0070934、miR⁃199a⁃5p和MGAT3都可以作为诊断CARAS的潜在生物标志物,值得扩大样本进一步验证。

  • 图5 MGAT3、miR⁃199a⁃5p和circ_0070934作为CARAS生物标志物的多因素联合ROC曲线分析

  • Fig.5 Multivariate combined ROC curve analysis of MGAT3,miR⁃199a⁃5p and circ_0070934as CARAS biomarkers

  • 上皮⁃间充质转化(epithelial⁃mesenchymal tran⁃ sition,EMT)是上皮细胞呈现迁移性间充质表型的过程,EMT可分为3种类型,Ⅰ型与胚胎着床、发育和器官形成相关,Ⅱ型与损伤修复、组织再生、纤维化和炎症相关,Ⅲ型参与了癌症的进展和转移。其中,与特应性疾病相关的Ⅱ型EMT,对肺、鼻腔、肠道和皮肤的上皮更新和炎症有很大影响[9]。EMT对正常组织修复和通过多种炎症途径发出信号至关重要。支气管上皮细胞EMT的增加会导致支气管哮喘屏障功能障碍。支气管哮喘的典型特征即慢性气道炎症、气道重塑、气道高反应和可逆性气流受限,气道重塑过程涉及气道上皮细胞中纤维母细胞的增加,最终导致纤维化,而EMT可以解释这些纤维母细胞的起源[10]。EMT在过敏性鼻炎中的研究相对较少,并且大多数研究主要使用患者的慢性鼻窦炎组织,通过活检组织中EMT标志物将其分为发生鼻息肉和未发生鼻息肉的亚型[11]

  • MGAT3基因最初在母鸡输卵管中被发现,由它编码的N⁃乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶3(N⁃acetylglucos⁃ aminyltransferase Ⅲ,Gnt Ⅲ),参与了多种肿瘤的EMT过程,对肿瘤细胞的迁移有调控作用[12]。在TGF⁃β1诱导处理的人肝癌细胞中,GnT Ⅲ基因表达及其催化产物——平分型N⁃乙酰葡萄糖胺(N⁃acetyl⁃ glucosamine,GlcNAc)结构降低,Smad3和Erk1/2的磷酸化上调,最终导致了肝细胞癌的EMT[13]。Pinho等[14] 发现,MGAT3和GnT Ⅲ介导的E⁃cadherin的N⁃ 糖基化丢失是EMT的机制,在EMT过程中,MGAT3的表达显著降低。在宫颈癌中,MGAT3的过度表达导致上皮分化标志物E⁃cadherin的表达增加,间充质标志物N⁃cadherin和β⁃catenin的表达降低,从而抑制了宫颈癌细胞转移[15]。乳腺癌细胞中MGAT3的过度表达抑制了细胞迁移、增殖、集落形成、EMT标志物的表达和AKT信号通路[16]。另外,miR⁃199a⁃5p也在如卵巢癌、乳腺癌、喉癌、口腔鳞癌、甲状腺癌、结直肠癌、侵袭性膀胱癌等多种恶性肿瘤中表现出了抑制EMT的作用[17-23]。但在另外一些如肝细胞癌、胃癌、宫颈癌及前列腺癌等肿瘤中却也可促进肿瘤细胞EMT的过程[24-27]

  • 虽然目前已有许多研究证实miR ⁃199a ⁃5p和MGAT3这两种生物标志物在肿瘤细胞EMT过程中发挥了不可或缺的作用,但其是否参与CARAS的EMT过程,从而影响患者气道重塑过程尚未明确。而且对于circ_0070934的研究较少,目前只知它参与了皮肤鳞状细胞癌的侵袭和增殖[28],但具体机制尚不清楚。探索circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3在CARAS EMT中的作用和机制将成为下一步研究的目标,这对于发现CARAS新的治疗靶点有着重要意义。

  • 慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,CRSwNP)常与支气管哮喘和鼻炎共存[29]。研究表明,哮喘使鼻息肉的风险增加了3.5倍,过敏性鼻炎则使患鼻息肉的风险增加2.5倍[30]。轻度和中度哮喘患者的鼻息肉患病率分别为4.8%和9.6%,而重症哮喘患者达到44.6%[31]。鼻息肉和哮喘共病(nasal polyps and comorbid asthma,NPCA) 的患者有两种不同的炎症表型:嗜酸性和非嗜酸性,并且上下气道的炎症类型一致。与非嗜酸性NPCA患者相比,嗜酸性NPCA患者哮喘表型更严重,FeNO和IgE水平更高,血EOS增多,药物治疗后鼻息肉复发率也增加[32]。伴有CRSwNP的重症哮喘通常是一种高EOS类型,其特征是2型固有淋巴细胞(innate lymphoid cells,ILC2)激活,释放IL⁃5和IL⁃ 13,以及相对少量的IL⁃4 [33]。这些细胞因子通过趋化EOS,促进气道炎症细胞浸润[34-36]。另一项研究也发现,EOS计数和FeNO水平低的重症哮喘患者鼻息肉的发生率显著低于数值较高者,EOS计数大于420个/μL和FeNO水平≥39ppb是重症哮喘伴随鼻息肉的最佳预测因子[37]。鼻息肉的存在与哮喘患者的肺功能FEV1的加速下降显著相关[38]。因此,鼻息肉的存在对哮喘患者的症状、表型、类型、严重度及预后都有着显著影响,呼吸道过敏性疾病与鼻息肉同时存在无疑会加重炎症过程,使治疗受阻并复杂化,增加复发率。本研究并没有纳入鼻息肉,鉴于鼻息肉的存在与EOS和FeNO有正相关性,而本研究发现circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3与EOS和FeNO有相关性,因此合理猜测circ_0070934/miR ⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3与鼻息肉也存在某种联系,其具体作用机制值得进一步研究探讨。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃ 5p/MGAT3可以作为CARAS诊断的生物标志物。 CARAS的发生发展机制仍有许多未明晰的地方,本研究仅挑选circ_0070934/miR⁃199a⁃5p/MGAT3作为切入点探索这些指标在CARAS患者外周血中的表达水平及其意义,其具体作用机制需进一步深入研究,为CARAS的早期诊断和治疗提供更多思路和理论支持。

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] PAPI A,BRIGHTLING C,PEDERSEN S E,et al.Asthma [J].Lancet,2018,391(10122):783-800

    • [2] PAIVA FERREIRA L K D,PAIVA FERREIRA L A M,MONTEIRO T M,et al.Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome(CARAS)[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2019,74:105718

    • [3] GHAFOURI ⁃ FARD S,SHOOREI H,TAHERI M,et al.Emerging role of non ⁃ coding RNAs in allergic disorders [J].Biomed Pharmacothe,2020,130:110615

    • [4] WANG X,CHEN H,LIU J,et al.Emerging advances of non⁃coding rnas and competitive endogenous rna regulato⁃ ry networks in asthma[J].Bioengineered,2021,12(1):7820-7836

    • [5] HUANG Y,ZHANG S,FANG X,et al.Plasma miR⁃199a⁃ 5p is increased in neutrophilic phenotype asthma patients and negatively correlated with pulmonary function[J].PLoS One,2018,13(3):e0193502

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    • [8] XIA S,ZHU Z,GUAN W J,et al.Correlation between up⁃ per and lower airway inflammations in patients with com⁃ bined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome:a compari⁃ son of patients initially presenting with allergic rhinitis and those initially presenting with asthma[J].Exp Ther Med,2018,15(2):1761-1767

    • [9] KALLURI R,WEINBERG R A.The basics of epithelial⁃ mesenchymal transition[J].J Clin Invest,2009,119(6):1420-1428

    • [10] HOLGATE S T,DAVIES D E,PUDDICOMBE S,et al.Mechanisms of airway epithelial damage:epithelial ⁃mes⁃ enchymal interactions in the pathogenesis of asthma[J].Eur Respir J Suppl,2003,44:24s-29s

    • [11] ANDERSON E D,ALISHAHEDANI M E,MYLES I A.Epi⁃ thelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition in atopy:a mini ⁃ review [J].Front Allergy,2020,1:628381

    • [12] MIWA H E,SONG Y,ALVAREZ R,et al.The bisecting GlcNAc in cell growth control and tumor progression[J].Glycoconj J,2012,29(8⁃9):609-618

    • [13] MO C,LIU T,ZHANG S,et al.Reduced N⁃acetylglucos⁃ aminyltransferase Ⅲ expression via Smad3 and Erk sig⁃ naling in TGF ⁃β1⁃induced HCC EMT model[J].Discov Med,2017,23(124):7-17

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